Conservation of native livestock breeds in Russia: Current state and promising prospects

Simple Summary

Global intensification of livestock industry, despite its growing output, has negative consequences. In particular, there has been a sharp reduction in the number and, consequently, the genetic diversity of animal genetic resources (AnGR). The use of several specialized breeds, the genetic diversity of which is also reduced due to inbreeding and targeted intensive selection, can damage food security, especially in the event of unforeseen climate change and epidemics. Therefore, the development and implementation of scientifically based strategies for the conservation of genetic material from animals of native breeds and from outstanding representatives of commercial breeds is an important task for national governments. In Russia, the National Center for AnGR was established, and bioresource collections of farm animals are maintained on a competitive grant basis. Successful preservation case examples include the Tagil and Kostroma cattle breeds and the Orenburg goat breed, alongside genetic standards for native breeds created using museum specimens. Research is also being conducted in Russia to develop conservation strategies for AnGR, particularly for breeds that are in at risk, vulnerable, endangered and critical status. The potential to preserve the genetic diversity of native AnGR for future generations is encouraged by successful instances of these national programs being implemented

Abstract

This review summarizes and analyzes the current status and trends in conservation of agricultural AnGR in Russia. The biodiversity of farm animal species in Russia is significant and is represented by 507 breeds, including 236 aboriginal ones. Based on a summary of global experience in maintaining genetic material of various types, we describe here strategies for preserving native breeds in Russia. Genetic monitoring using modern technologies improves the relevance of biological collections and enables the selection of the most typical and valuable representatives of AnGR for cryopreservation. The National Center for AnGR has developed a key conservation strategy based on the integrated use of genetic and assisted reproductive technologies. This strategy has been successfully implemented in a few cattle and goat breeds. In 2025, genetic monitoring of AnGR reproduced in vivo and preserved in vitro began. These studies and practical measures in Russia play an important role in preserving the genetic diversity of native AnGR in a changing climate to ensure food security for current and future generations. Thus, owing to the joint efforts of research teams and state financial support, a positive trend has emerged in cryopreservation programs and the preservation of living bioresource collections in Russia.