Baryon squishing in synthetic dimensions by effectiveSU(M)gauge fields

The “synthetic dimension” proposal [A. Celi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 043001 (2014)] uses atoms with M internal states (“flavors”) in a one dimensional (1D) optical lattice, to realize a hopping Hamiltonian equivalent to the Hofstadter model (tight-binding model with a given magnetic flux per plaquette) on an M-sites-wide square lattice strip. We investigate the physics of SU (M) symmetric interactions in the synthetic dimension system. We show that this system is equivalent to particles [with SU (M) symmetric interactions] experiencing a SU (M) Zeeman field at each lattice site and a non-Abelian SU (M) gauge potential that affects their hopping. This equivalence brings out the possibility of generating nonlocal interactions between particles at different sites of the optical lattice. In addition, the gauge field induces a flavor-orbital coupling, which mitigates the “baryon breaking” effect of the Zeeman field. For M particles, concomitantly, the SU (M) singlet baryon which is site localized in the usual 1D optical lattice, is deformed to a nonlocal object (“squished baryon”). We conclusively demonstrate this effect by analytical arguments and exact (numerical) diagonalization studies. Our study promises a rich many-body phase diagram for this system. It also uncovers the possibility of using the synthetic dimension system to laboratory realize condensed-matter models such as the SU (M) random flux model, inconceivable in conventional experimental systems.