Explaining the effect of rapid internationalization on horizontal foreign divestment in the retail sector: An extended Penrosean perspective

We adopt a Penrosean perspective to study the effect of rapid international

expansion on the subsequent divestment of international operations. We draw

on regional strategy theory and differentiate Penrosean managerial resources

by their geographical fungibility to argue that the effect of rapid international

expansion on the divestment of international operations varies with the

regional patterns of firms’ international expansion and international

experience. We test our hypotheses using two-stage least squares (2SLS)

estimation on data that capture the international expansion and divestment of

retailers over the period 2003–2012.