Molecular ecology of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in the Endangered Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula eques)

The occurrence of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) has been reported in both wild and captive parrot populations since the mid-1970s. PBFD has been found to be widely

infectious and often fatal, affecting both Old and New World psittacine species. Consequently, determining routes of transmission and developing pathological and serological tests for screening for presence of the Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV) have emerged as important priorities for biodiversity managers. Here, we consolidate information collected from 82 PBFD- and BFDV-based publications on the primary screening methods being used and identify important knowledge gaps regarding potential global disease hotspots. We present trends in research intensity in this field, and critically discuss advances in screening techniques and their applications to both aviculture and to the management of threatened wild populations. Finally we provide an overview regarding estimates of BFDV prevalence in captive and wild flocks alongside a complete list of all psittaciform species known to be susceptible. Advances in BFDV screening and diagnostic tools currently available allow for a broader application of results to conservation management strategies. Our evaluation highlights the need for standardised diagnostic tests and more emphasis on studies of wild populations, particularly when considering the intrinsic connection between global trade in companion birds and the spread of novel BFDV strains into wild populations. Increased emphasis should be placed on the screening of captive and wild parrot populations within their countries of origin across the Americas, Africa and Asia.