Submillimetre continuum emission from class 0 sources: Theory, observations, and modelling

We report on a study of the thermal dust emission of the circumstellar envelopes of a sample of Class 0 sources. The physical structure (geometry, radial intensity profile, spatial temperature and spectral energy distribution) and properties (mass, size, bolometric luminosity (Lbol), temperature (Tbol), and age) of Class 0 sources are derived here in an evolutionary context. This is done by combining SCUBA imaging at 450 and 850 μm of the thermal dust emission of envelopes of Class 0 sources in the Perseus and Orion molecular cloud complexes with a model of the envelope, with the implementation of techniques like the black-body fitting and radiative transfer calculations of dusty envelopes, and with the Smith evolutionary model for protostars. The modelling results obtained here confirm the validity of a simple spherical symmetric model envelope, and the assumptions about density and dust distributions following the standard envelope model. The spherically model reproduces reasonably well the observed SEDs and the radial profiles of the sources. The implications of the derived properties for protostellar evolution are illustrated by analysis of the Lbol, the Tbol, and the power-law index p of the density distribution for a sample of Class 0 sources.