Phylogenetic diversity and the conservation biogeography of African primates

Aim Phylogenetics has an important role in conservation biogeography.

However, there are few data on the phylogenetic diversity of African primates.

The phylogenetic diversity (PD) of a species is a measure of its taxonomic

distinctness and can be estimated by looking at the phylogenetic relationships

among taxa. Species-specific metrics on PD can then be used to determine

conservation priorities at various biogeographical scales. We used PD metrics to

rank 55 African primate species according to their conservation priorities at the

country level and within six African biogeographical regions. We also addressed

the following question: are there differences in conservation rankings between the

IUCN Red List and our PD metrics?

Location Africa.

Methods We created a consensus phylogeny for all African primate clades based

on genetic studies. Analyses of species distributions were determined using

presence/absence scores at two levels: country and biogeographical region.

A node-based method that standardizes for widespread taxa and endemicity was

used to calculate PD indices. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to convert one

of the standardized, phylogenetic indices into three clusters that could be ranked

and compared with the main IUCN conservation rankings of endangered,

vulnerable, and lower risk.

Results At the country and region levels, the top-priority species in terms of PD are

Pan paniscus, Macaca sylvanus, Arctocebus calabarensis, Gorilla beringei, Arctocebus

aureus, Allenopithecus nigroviridis, Gorilla gorilla, Procolobus verus, Cercopithecus

solatus, Cercocebus galeritus, Colobus angolensis, Theropithecus gelada, Galagoides

zanzibaricus, Galagoides granti, and Procolobus (Piliocolobus) badius. Geographic

rankings were highest for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (country level) and

Central Africa (region level). Although there were no overall differences between

IUCN conservation ranks and the PD rankings, there were significant differences

between the two systems for vulnerable and endangered primate taxa.

Main conclusions There are few ecological and behavioural data on populations

of some of the African primates that represent the highest levels of phylogenetic

diversity. Studies of primate taxa with high PD rankings should focus on

identifying sites suitable for intensive studies of population densities, feeding

ecology, and reproductive behaviour. We suggest that PD metrics can serve as an

important, complementary data set in the IUCN ranking system for primates.