Challenge, threat, and subjective group dynamics: Reactions to normative and deviant group members.

The study of in-group deviance has typically measured cognitive or behavioral variables rather than motivational variables. The present research addressed this gap in the literature by using the biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat, while testing predictions stemming from the subjective group dynamics (SGD) model. Group members participated in simulated interactions with other group members. Experiment 1 (n = 39) manipulated group membership of the interaction partner (in-group vs. out-group) and partner's attitude (normative vs. deviant). In line with SGD, interaction with out-group deviant members induced motivational challenge. However, interaction with in-group deviants induced neither challenge nor threat. Experiment 2 (n = 55) showed that challenge was invoked and confrontation tendency was increased during interactions with in-group deviants when participants had sufficient psychological resources (issue-relevant knowledge). These results are consistent with the SGD model and the BPS model, and they suggest that a desire to enhance or maintain subjective validity is a fundamental process underlying interactions with deviants.