Adapting regression equations to minimize the mean squared error of predictions made using covariate data from a GIS

Regression equations between a response variable and candidate explanatory variables are often estimated using a training set of data from closely observed locations but are then applied using covariate data held in a GIS to predict the response variable at locations throughout a region. When the regression assumptions hold and the GIS data are free from error, this procedure gives unbiased estimates of the response variable and minimizes the prediction mean squared error. However, when the explanatory variables in the GIS are recorded with substantially greater errors than were present in the training set, this procedure does not minimize the prediction mean squared error. A theoretical argument leads to the proposal of an adaptation for regression equations to minimize the prediction mean squared error. The effectiveness of this adaptation is demonstrated by a simulation study and by its application to an equation for tree growth rate.