About the completeness of type systems

The original purpose of type systems for programming languages was to prevent certain forms of run-time errors, like using a number as a function. Some type systems go as far as guaranteeing the absence of run-time errors, e.g. the type system of Standard ML. One can call such a type system ``sound''. This raises the question of the dual notion of completeness, i.e. is everything typable that does not have run-time errors? Or, to put it in another way: does the type system restrict the expressive power of the underlying implementation in an undesirable way? To make this rather vague idea precise we define an abstract notion of ``type system'', together with general notions of soundness and completeness. We examine several type systems for these properties, for instance ?^? and PCF are both complete, but for very different reasons.