Fact-checking as a tool to tackle hate speech: A systematic literature review

Hate speech and misinformation are often connected, with misinformation often being used to support, justify, or fuel hateful content, hence creating populist hate narratives. In this context, if fact-checkers initiatives seek to curb the spread of misinformation, what is their role in curbing hate speech? This paper explores hate speech and fact-checkers and seeks to answer the following question: What does the literature (2015-2025) report about how collaborations between fact-checkers and platforms are associated with the prevalence of populist hate narratives? Through a systematic literature review, I argue that the existing evidence supports a normative case for sustaining FC–platform collaborations. While empirical proof of FC-platforms collaborations efficacy remains limited, their alignment with freedom of expression principles and their potential to curb misinformation-induced hate speech justify their continued promotion in human rights frameworks.