Utilising design of experiment to design an optimised bioink for 3D bioprinting

The advancement of bioinks for 3D bioprinting is vital for tissue engineering, requiring precise tailoring of rheological and structural properties. This study employs integration of rheological analysis with a design of experiment (DoE) approach, with the aim being the optimisation of bioink formulations comprising of hyaluronic acid, sodium alginate, and dextran-40. A factorial DoE identified sodium alginate as the primary determinant of the bioinks' viscosity, while the mixture DoE established an optimal formulation with a viscosity of 3.275 Pa·s, matching the viscosity of the commercial benchmark. Rheological assessments confirmed the optimised bioink's shear-thinning properties and structural integrity, essential for printability and cellular support. Capability analysis of multiple batches demonstrated process reliability, whereby viscosities were consistently within defined boundaries, emphasising the robustness of the DoE-guided formulation process. This research highlights the potential of combining statistical and rheological methodologies to develop bioinks tailored for specific tissue applications, paving the way for improved 3D bioprinting outcomes.