Analysis of Permissions and Trackers in Android Apps Targeting Children Under Thirteen

As mobile phone and app use among children increases, ensuring their privacy and safety has become more crucial. This study examines 27 popular Android apps for children under 13, available in the UK via Google Play Store, by analysing the permissions they request and the trackers they share data with. The aim is to determine whether these practices are justified by the apps' functionalities, and comply with regulatory standards to adequately protect children. Using a traffic light system inspired by the ICO audits, each app is rated green, amber, or red taking into account dangerous permissions and runtime trackers in use. Only one app reached an overall green rating, while 10 apps achieved an overall red rating. The majority of tracker companies (20 out of 21) are based outside the UK or EU, including the US, Russia, China, Israel and India, and two trackers are linked to profiling and fingerprinting of users. Overall, findings suggest that apps often prioritise functionality and user experience over privacy and safety of children.