Complexities of managing invasive species in semi-urban areas: the case of free-ranging dogs in southern Iran

Free-ranging dogs (FRD) are invasive species that can imperil human and wildlife health in multiple ways. They can potentially be disease vectors, hybridize with wildlife, and attack humans and wildlife. The impact of FRDs is exacerbated in urban and semi-urban settings through higher human-dog interactions, such as FRD feeding and attacks. The interaction between people and free-ranging dogs are often shaped by cultural, social, and religious beliefs, influencing societal norms, individual behaviors, and ultimately, FRD management practices. We assessed these multifaceted relationships in southern Iran which has a high population of FRDs. Through a survey of local residents (n = 398) in the city of Jiroft, we explored residents’ perceptions of FRDs, their motives for feeding FRDs, and potential management strategies. We observed that 41% of respondents had neutral attitudes towards FRDs. Among respondents, 34.5% of respondents had provided food for the FRDs. The latter was associated with gender, a lack of fear, and likeability of FRDs. Respondents who believed that FRDs play a role in spreading rabies also believed culling was an effective method for managing FRD populations. These data provide the foundation for the Iranian government to develop more practical and sustainable interventions to minimize human-dog interactions. Community perceptions highlight the ineffectiveness of culling and favor non-lethal management approaches for FRDs, suggesting the need for humane, community-endorsed strategies. Recommended actions include improving shelter systems, enhancing waste management, and initiating community engagement programs that resonate with local values and needs.