Sensing-based monitoring systems for electric vehicle battery – a review

The swift uptake of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has increased the demand for improved Battery Management Systems (BMS) to ensure the safety, efficiency, and durability of lithium-ion batteries. This review explores the current advancements in EV battery monitoring technologies, with a focus on sensing mechanisms that estimate critical parameters such as battery states and thermal conditions. Various sensor technologies, including image-based methods, acoustic sensing, force sensors, thermal sensors, magnetic probing and optical sensors, are reviewed and discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and suitability for practical applications. Additionally, gaps and challenges within the field are identified, including cell-level sensing, onboard monitoring, data acquisition mechanism, fault diagnostics and the application of sensors for internal analysis. These challenges underscore the necessity of developing scalable, non-invasive, and cost-effective solutions.