The Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs and Non-Pharmacological Therapies on Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe and complex psychological disorder characterised by psychosis, affecting approximately 20 million people worldwide, with its prevalence on the rise. It is hypothesised to arise from a multifactorial aetiology involving a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. The exact cause of schizophrenia remains unknown. There are significant interactions between genetic and environmental factors, making it a condition of great significance. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are available to manage the various symptoms associated with this condition. Antipsychotic drugs are the primary pharmacological approach, addressing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, their use has sparked controversies due to potential side effects and long-term consequences, necessitating individualised treatment plans. Non-pharmacological therapies, on the other hand, provide an alternative approach, focusing on reducing anxiety and fear and empowering patients to regain control over their lives. In this scientific review, an extensive analysis of existing research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antipsychotic drugs and non-pharmacological therapies for schizophrenia. Their impact on positive and negative symptoms as well as socio-economic implications have been assessed. Beyond treatment efficacy, this review also addresses broader societal aspects, emphasising the need for patient-centred mental healthcare services that consider individual differences and preferences. The review highlights the importance of a multidimensional translational approach to schizophrenia management and advocates for accessible mental healthcare services to cater to the unique challenges faced by individuals with schizophrenia. By considering advantages and disadvantages, we support the implementation of tailored treatment plans to optimise patient outcomes and overall societal well-being. A holistic translational approach to schizophrenia management, incorporating medical, psychological, and societal support systems is essential for improving the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia.