Cyber Strategy in Practice: The Evolution of US, Russian, and Ukrainian National Cyber Security Strategies through the Experience of War

National cyber security strategies had already undergone a period of evolution before Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, ostensibly in preparation for just such a catalyser of major cyber conflagration. But the cyber war never came. Tom Johansmeyer, Gareth Mott, and Jason Nurse analyse the National cyber security strategies (NCSS) of the United States, Ukraine, and Russia – as significant cyber domain stakeholders in the conflict – and how aligned these strategies were for the cyber component of the Ukrainian war. In addition, they consider areas of reflection for the future evolution of NCSS documents, particularly in light of the current state of play with cyber operations.