National-level family policies and the access to schedule control in a European comparative perspective: crowding out or in, and for whom?

This paper examines national-level family policies in a comparative perspective, to see whether they ‘crowd out’ company-level family-friendly policies, namely schedule control. Further, it

examines whether this relationship varies for different types of family policies, and for different groups of workers – i.e. distinguished by gender, parenthood status and skill divisions. The

paper uses data from 27 European countries in 2010, and applies multilevel random slopes models with cross-level interaction terms. Results show that generous national-level family

policies, in particular work-facilitating policies, ‘crowd in’ company-level schedule control provisions, especially for high-skilled workers. However, very generous leaves seem to crowdout

schedule control provision.