Studies of nano-structured liquids in confined geometry and at surfaces.

This is a progress report on elucidating the behaviour of liquids,

and at interfaces. There are important measurements still

understanding still to be made. However, a number of important

clearer.

Gibbs free energy, and hence their dynamics. This may most readily

function of temperature, together with changes in other parameters,

performed by monitoring the change in the pressure (at constant

by monitoring the change in the freezing/melting temperature

equation).

are modified by the changes in the volumetric Gibbs free energy

the curved interface between the crystal and its own liquid. This is

and its liquid. There is still discussion on this point as to the exact

for different confining geometries. Experimental evidence is presented

that on average are spherical (sol–gel). However, reconciling this

these systems still pose a number of questions.

while brittle ice that forms in pores may be cubic in structure [1,2],

dynamics and structure of confined liquids and their crystals, leading

motion (plastic ice) just below the confined freezing/

the ice–silica interface and the ice–vapour surface, and reversibly

to suggest that the plastic ice at a silica interface transforms

hexagonal ice. That this plastic ice may correspond to a layer at the

in confined systems with small dimensions (<3 nm diameter),

cubic ice and also some hexagonal ice (if a vapour interface is present);

ice. It is conjectured that this layer of plastic ice at vapour

systems, such as snow-packs, glaciers and icebergs, and may

dynamical models of these systems [3].

cryoporometric metrology studies of systems that are ‘difficult’

concrete. Results are presented for cryoporometric measurements

T2 relaxation times down to 2.5 us.