NMR techniques in materials physics: A review

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has progressed rapidly over the last decade as a result of improved experimental technology and development of novel approaches. In this review a brief introduction to NMR interactions and relaxation processes is given to allow an appreciation of the experimental developments. The underlying physical principles of the latest NMR methodology for probing solid materials are stressed. Techniques covered include pulse Fourier transform with emphasis on the difficulties of recording broad resonances and strategies for overcoming them. Selective experiments such as polarization transfer are included. The major impetus given to NMR spectroscopy by improved resolution through line-narrowing methods is detailed. Advanced methods such as multiple quantum and two- and three-dimensional spectroscopy are also discussed. NMR as a probe of microscopic dynamic behaviour through relaxation and direct diffusion measurements over a wide temperature range is examined. Recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging that now offer the possibility of non-destructive investigation of materials are presented.