Sharing space between humans and forest elephants: A comprehensive review

Introduction

Human-wildlife coexistence is an increasingly important challenge in multiple-use landscapes where conservation goals intersect closely with human development needs. In Central and West Africa, the range of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) extends beyond the boundaries of protected areas. This spatial overlap presents multifaceted challenges for both forest elephants and human communities.

Methods

Through an extensive literature review, we synthesize current knowledge on human-forest elephant coexistence in Central and West Africa by assessing the spatial distribution of research efforts, identifying key challenges associated with human-forest elephant cohabitation, and analyzing the multi-dimensional factors that influence coexistence outcomes. The review highlights current science gaps and explores potential pathways toward improved coexistence strategies.

Results

Based on data recorded at 46 research sites across nine forest elephant range countries, we identified four key coexistence challenges: challenges to elephant safety and conservation, competition for natural resources, agriculture-related conflicts, and human safety and health concerns. A dynamic interplay of environmental conditions, natural resource availability, anthropogenic disturbances, farming practices, biological aspects, socio-cultural dynamics, and institutional frameworks characterizes the coexistence of humans and forest elephants.

Discussion

We propose a framework that integrates seven interrelated strategies to support coexistence: (a) understanding spatio-temporal availability of natural resources, (b) mapping key ecological features and prioritizing habitat connectivity, (c) mapping human land-use and limiting harmful anthropogenic disturbances, (d) limiting high-risk farming practices and promoting cooperative land-use strategies, (e) studying the behavior of conflict-prone elephants, (f) improving positive perceptions of forest elephants, and (g) strengthening law enforcement and institutions. Understanding and managing human-forest elephant interactions is essential to ensuring the long-term survival of forest elephants and supporting sustainable development of local communities.