Optical coherence tomography in dentistry: Diagnostic applications for materials, hard and soft tissues

The conventional approach to identifying abnormalities in both hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity commences with a visual examination by a skilled dentist, followed by other medical assessments, such as radiographic imaging and/or histological investigation. The diagnosis of oral conditions is largely hindered by insufficient visual access, the low specificity of diagnostic methods, and the limited feasibility of routine screening for early changes. In this context, advanced imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) have emerged as promising tools for noninvasive, high-resolution assessment of oral tissues, with great potential to improve the accuracy of oral screening. This chapter examines recent developments in the application of OCT within dentistry, emphasizing its increasing significance as a noninvasive, high-resolution diagnostic modality. OCT facilitates real-time, cross-sectional imaging of dental hard tissues, restorative materials, soft tissues, and alveolar bone, providing essential insights into both biological and material structures. The discussion addresses key clinical and research applications, including early detection and monitoring of dental caries, analysis of tooth microstructure, evaluation of tooth–restoration interfaces, and characterization of dental materials. Additional applications encompass imaging of soft tissue and periodontal structures, as well as assessment of bone morphology and healing processes. The chapter also outlines the advantages and current limitations of OCT in dental practice, and considers emerging technologies and future prospects for broader clinical integration.