From malware to marketplaces: The crossover between crime and state cyber activity

Technological change has transformed cybercrime from a niche issue to a national security problem. The shift has also narrowed the historic capability gap between criminal and state cyber actors to the point where threats such as ransomware pose some of the most acute cyber risks that nations face today. Although not identical, there are implications for how governments respond, given existing cyber strategies largely delineate between criminality and state threats.