Ontology for the Sharing Ancient Wisdoms (SAWS) project, to represent the information and knowledge available in medieval gnomologia (collections of wise sayings). SAWS concentrates mainly on Ancient Greek and Arabic manuscripts containing wisdom literature. All class descriptions are provided by domain experts and the ontology has been developed through collaboration between these experts and ontology developers.
Version 2.1
Note for SAWS: this includes any human being, named or otherwise
person
title
Note for SAWS: we can use Actor to refer to any living being (not necessarily a person, not necessarily still alive) who is identified/named/referred to within a linguistic object, though we may wish to use a more specific class such as Person, AttributedAuthor, Scribe etc.
actor
Note for SAWS: we can use Appellation to state a person’s name or other name of interest e.g. of a church
appellation
contact point
place
Note for SAWS: This represents language in which a material is written - this is put in the TEI header. NB in the TEI header we should use standards for languages, e.g. the more detailed ISO standards at http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ , so use “http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-2/grc” for Ancient Greek rather than “Greek”
language
The text that is written in an manuscript
abstract manuscript text
Person to whom original authorship of a linguistic object is attributed, as the source of that linguistic object
attributed author
The gnomologium or other compilation/collection on which we are working
collection instance
Comment on a part of the material, usually from the modern editor. N.B. The Comment class is for comments on a material that do not physically exist on that material. If a comment has been physically written on a material (usually in the margin), then this should be represented as an instance of Marginalia.
comment
A basic unit of interest within the Material: a division of a collection instance/section, for more exact reference than when using a section – this identifies basic units of interest in the material for SAWS (marked in TEI as <seg>)
content item
Decorative element (picture, ornamentation, etc) within the material, either meaning-bearing or non meaning-bearing
decorative item
A content item that is defining a concept or term used in the material
definition
Any edited material, known or unknown, including texts such as the Bible and Kekaumenos
edition
A modern scholar editing material to produce an edition, in the age of printing and beyond
editor
Any division within a linguistic object created by an editor, e.g. to make the navigation of the text clearer or to mark a region of interest
editor section
Indicates a title that was assigned outside the manuscript by an editor
editor title
epilogue
A grouping of related Materials - this is a concept, an interpretation, rather than a physical thing
family
The physical instance of an abstract manuscript text or collection instance which we hypothesise may have existed, but which we do not have - it is presumed lost or destroyed
hypothesised instance
An Institution can own materials, be located at places, and include persons as members
institution
A physical gap in the physical manuscript
lacuna
A physical location within a physical manuscript
locus
A physical section of a physical manuscript
manuscript part
Remark(s) physically written in the margin of the material by a scribe, not necessarily the original scribe. N.B. If a comment has been physically written on a material (usually in the margin), then this should be represented as an instance of Marginalia. The Comment class is for comments on a material that don’t physically exist on that material
marginalia
Any of the texts we are working on in SAWS or that we are referring to
material
Narrative text that is not a saying itself, that either stands alone or is the text surrounding or immediately preceding or following the Statement (saying), e.g. 'Aristotle says...', 'The frogs asked for a king.’, ‘Aristotle is a lover of knowledge’
narrative
A material produced by scribe transcription rather than being edited in modern times
original material
A unit of the material within a content item, as identified by the modern editor, which isn’t a narrative, statement, or definition
other content item
The physical object on which the material we are working on exists
physical manuscript
prologue
Manuscript whose parts are now distributed as separate manuscript parts, so no longer exists as a whole, but can still be identified
reconstructed manuscript
The producer / author / copier of a linguistic object (excluding editions), in the medieval age. The scribe can be named or unnamed
scribe
Any division within a linguistic object indicated by a scribe
scribe section
Indicates a title that was assigned within the manuscript by a scribe
scribe title
A division of a linguistic object e.g. chapter, verse, for larger-scale reference than when using a content item. These can be nested/numbered
section
The actual saying, e.g. 'All men are mortal'
statement
Person who is described in the text content as having transmitted a content item or other linguistic objects, for example ‘[Transmitter] said that [AttributedAuthor] said … (ContentItem)
transmitter
To indicate that Marginalia have been written on the manuscript,e .g. in the margins
are marginalia on
A comment has been made by a modern-day scholar/editor. NB to represent marginalia physically written in the margins of the manuscript, use: Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe.
comment made by
LinguisticObject isWrittenBy Person Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
A DecorativeItem has been physically added onto the manuscript by a Person NB to represent marginalia notes (text) physically written in the margins of the manuscript, use: Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
decoration added by
Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
A Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance comes after another Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance in the document
follows
Physical Manuscripts can be composed of many Manuscript Parts – this relationship would be stated once for each part. This relationship can be used both for existing Manuscript Parts or for Manuscript Parts which used to be parts of a manuscript
forms part of
A Person has physically added a DecorativeItem onto the manuscript NB to represent where scribes have written marginalia notes (text) physically onto the manuscript, use: Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
has added decoration
Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
A Scribe has physically added Marginalia onto a manuscript. NB to represent where a modern-day scholar/editor makes a comment, not written onto the manuscript, use: Editor hasMadeComment Comment
has added marginalia
Person hasWritten LinguisticObject Editor hasMadeComment Comment
An ancestor OriginalMaterial is a source material (direct or indirect) for the production of part or all of the descendant OriginalMaterial
has ancestor
The parent OriginalMaterial is a direct source for the production of part or all of the child OriginalMaterial
hasChild
To indicate that something has been commented about in an editorial Comment
has comment
has descendant
A modern-day scholar/editor has made a comment. NB to represent scribes physically writing marginalia on the manuscript, use: Scribe hasAddedMarginalia.
has made comment
Person hasWritten LinguisticObject Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
To indicate that a manuscript has had Marginalia written on it, e.g. in the margins
has marginalia
We use hasMember to indicate: - A Family contains the specified original material (i.e. one produced by Scribe transcription rather than being edited in modern times) - An Institution has as a member this Person
has member
dct:hasPart efrbroo:R10_has_member ecrm:P107_has_current_or_former_member
A Person has owned (either currently or in the past) the Material of Interest. This would normally be based on a specific statement/mark of ownership.
has owned
The parent OriginalMaterial is a known direct source for the production of part or all of the child OriginalMaterial
has parent
has part
A Person has used (either currently or in the past) the OriginalMaterial in their work. Interaction is other than ownership.
has used
A Person has written (or has transcribed) a LinguisticObject. NB This also includes: Editor hasWritten Comment Scribe hasWritten Marginalia
has written
Editor hasMadeComment Comment Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
is ancestor of
An author has been attributed as the author of this LinguisticObject (any Linguistic Object except Edition)
is attributed author of
A LinguisticObject (except Edition) is attributed to this AttributedAuthor
is attributed to author
A LinguisticObject is based upon one or more textual materials (manuscripts, collections etc). One <relation> per each textual material)
is based on
The two manuscripts (or parts of the manuscripts) have been copied/produced by the same Person
is by same scribe as
Person hasWritten LinguisticObject LinguisticObject isWrittenBy Person PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscript/ManuscriptPart isFromSamePlaceAs PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscript/ManuscriptPart
is child of
This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a close rendering of the original LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier
is close rendering of
isCloseTranslationOf
This property indicates that the translated text is a close interpretation of the original text. This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier
is close translation of
isLooseTranslationOf isCloseRenderingOf
To indicate that an editorial Comment is being made about something
is comment on
A LinguisticObject (except Edition) is copied by this Scribe
is copied by
A Scribe has written or copied this LinguisticObject (any Linguistic Object except Edition)
is copier of
is descendant of
To explicitly say that two things are different from each other
is different to
To say explicitly that one Linguistic Object is a direct copy of another Linguistic Object. This relationship can be used in conjunction with other relationships which specify more details about the copying, e.g. isLooseRenderingOf, isVersionOf
is direct copy of
isDirectTranslationOf
the translator worked directly from an MS or text which we have identified. This does imply that the first Linguistic Object is a direct translation of the second Linguistic Object, meaning that the second Linguistic Object existed first. This relationship can be used in conjunction with other relationships which specify more details about the translation, e.g. isLooseTranslationOf, isLongerTranslationOf
is direct translation of
An Edition is edited by an Editor (someone from the SAWS team or another modern-day scholar)
is edited by
An Editor (a modern-day scholar, e.g. someone from the SAWS team) has edited an Edition
is editor of
The two manuscripts (or parts of the manuscripts) have been copied/produced in the same Place
is from same place as
(Place or Institution) isLocationForWritingOf Material Material isWrittenAt (Place or Institution) PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscript/ManuscriptPart isBySameScribeAs PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscriptPart
A ScribeSection of text within the source isIdentifiedBy a Scribe/An EditorSection of text within the source isIdentifiedBy a modern-day Editor
is identified by
A LinguisticObject is text in the specified Language
is in language
Two OriginalMaterials are related by being part of the same Family of Original Materials
is in same family as
A physical thing is (or was) located at a particular location (Place or Locus) NB Use this relation if you are talking about a physically-existing object being located at a physical place. Use physicallyLocatedAt if you are talking about an abstract linguistic object being found at a particular locus.
is located at
physicallyLocatedAt
A Place is the location witnessing the writing (or transcription) of a LinguisticObject
is location for writing of
isLocationOf
A particular Place or Locus is (or was) the location of a physical thing. NB Use this relation if you are talking about the physical location of a physically-existing object. Use physicalLocationOf if you are talking about the physical location for an abstract linguistic object.
is location of
physicalLocationOf
A Linguistic Object is a enhanced or expanded version of another Linguistic Object, in a different language. This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier
is longer translation of
isLongerVersionOf
A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in an expanded or enhanced version of the text (FRBRoo: a different and longer Expression). This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier.
is longer version of
isLongerTranslationOf
This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a loose rendering of the original LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier
is loose rendering of
isLooseTranslationOf
This property indicates that the translated text is a loose interpretation of the original text. This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier].
is loose translation of
isCloseTranslationOf isLooseRenderingOf
We use isMemberOf to indicate: - An OriginalMaterial is member of a Family of related OriginalMaterials - A Person is member of an Institution
is member of
dct:isPartOf efrbroo:R10i_is_member_of ecrm:P107i_is_current_or_former_member_of
To specify that a piece of text is missing from a LinguisticObject, for example if this text appears in a corresponding part of a manuscript from the same Family
is not present in
A Physical man-made thing (physical manuscript) is older than (i.e. was produced earlier in time than) another specified Physical man-made thing
is older than
is parent of
This property allows you to say that an object or some text (internal to that document or from an external source) is referred to in the text of a LinguisticObject, e.g. by being described or being alluded to
is referenced by
Two things are related in some way. This relation may be used where the details of the link are to be refined at a later date, or where some relation is seen but the annotater cannot be more specific than to indicate that this relationship exists.
is related to
A CollectionInstance or Section has the same sequential structure as another CollectionInstance or Section. N.B. CollectionInstances contain sequences of ordered Sections. Sections contain sequences of ordered ContentItems
is sequentially same as
isSequentiallySimilarTo isSubSequenceOf
A CollectionInstance or Section has a slightly different but related sequential structure to another CollectionInstance or Section. N.B. CollectionInstances contain sequences of ordered Sections. Sections contain sequences of ordered ContentItems
is sequentially similar to
isSequentiallySameAs isSubSequenceOf
A Linguistic Object is a condensed version of another Linguistic Object, in a different language. This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier]
is shorter translation of
isShorterVersionOf
A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a more concise version (FRBRoo: a different and shorter Expression)]
is shorter version of
isShorterTranslationOf
The two OriginalMaterials are produced using the same source(s) OriginalMaterial(s) (as indirect or direct source)
A textual material (manuscripts, collections etc) is one of the source documents on which a Linguistic Object is based. One <relation> per each textual material.
is source for
A Section is formed of a sequence of ContentItems that is a subsequence of the sequence of ContentItems in another Section
is sub sequence of
isSequentiallySameAs isSequentiallySimilarTo
A LinguisticObject is a transliteration of another LinguisticObject, i.e. same words but using a different set of characters, e.g. kai isTransliterationOf και . This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier]
is transliteration of
A LinguisticObject (except Edition) is transmitted by this Transmitter (Person)
is transmitted by
A Transmitter (Person) has transmitted this LinguisticObject (any Linguistic Object except Edition)
is transmitter of
The two OriginalMaterials are produced using the same direct source OriginalMaterial(s)
is twin of
To explicitly say two things are not at all related but are completely independent of each other
is unrelated to
A LinguisticObject is a linguistically modified copy of a second LinguisticObject, in the same language/genre, and of the same length, with only small variation in use or order of words, e.g. one or two words substituted for another, or a connective inserted. This may or may not have different conceptual function. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier
is variant of
isVariantTranslationOf
A LinguisticObject is a slightly modified copy of another LinguisticObject. For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
is variant translation of
isVariant
A LinguisticObject is a verbatim, word-for-word copy of another LinguisticObject. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier.
is verbatim of
isVerbatimTranslationOf
word-for-word translation (ad pedem). This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier]
is verbatim translation of
isVerbatimOf
A LinguisticObject is a version of another LinguisticObject in another language. This need not imply that one is a direct translation of the other, nor which is the earlier
is version (in another language) of
isVersionOf
A LinguisticObject is a version in the same language of another LinguisticObject. This relates to the other object, but matches less closely than isVariantOf. This need not imply that one is a direct copy of the other, nor which is the earlier.
is version of
isVersionInAnotherLanguageOf
A LinguisticObject is written (or transcribed) at a specified Place
is written at
isLocatedAt
A LinguisticObject is written (or transcribed) by a specified Person
is written by
Comment commentMadeBy Editor Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
A Physical man-made thing (physical manuscript) is younger than (i.e. was produced later in time than) another specified Physical man-made thing
is younger than
Marginalia have been physically added onto the manuscript by a Scribe NB to represent where a comment has been made by a modern-day scholar/editor, not written onto the manuscript, use: Comment commentMadeBy Editor
marginalia added by
LinguisticObject isWrittenBy Person Comment commentMadeBy Editor
The Material of interest has been owned (in the past or currently) by this particular Person. This would normally be based on a specific statement/mark of ownership.
owned by
This lets you describe the physical location of the LinguisticObject, e.g. a particular piece of text, or Marginalia, by recording the Locus that the notes are physically written on in a Material. You can describe the Locus (e.g. folio number, or position on the page) in free text, in as much detail as required, if there is no formal way to describe the location of the text/marginalia] NB Use this relation if you are talking about the physical location for an abstract linguistic object. Use isLocationOf if you are talking about the physical location of a physically-existing object.
physical location of
This lets you describe the physical location of the LinguisticObject, e.g. a particular piece of text, or Marginalia, by recording the Locus that the notes are physically written on in a Material. You can describe the Locus (e.g. folio number, or position on the page) in free text, in as much detail as required, if there is no formal way to describe the location of the text/marginalia NB Use this relation if you are talking about an abstract linguistic object which is to be found at a particular locus. Use isLocatedAt if you are talking about a physically-existing object being located at a physical place.
physically located at
A Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance comes before another Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance in the document
precedes
This property allows you to say that the text of a LinguisticObject makes a reference to (or mentions) some other text or object, either within the text (e.g. as allusion) or external to the text (for external things, please give a URI for that object) This can include references to summaries (eg ToC).
refers to
The Original Material of interest has been used by this particular Person in their work. Interaction is other than ownership.
used by