Why the next census needs to ask about language

Estimates of the numbers of people in England who have difficulties with the English language vary widely from around 400,000w1 to 1.7 millionw2; evidence from surveys shows that only 16% of Bengalis, 44% of Gujaratis, 29% of Punjabis, 41% of Chinese, and 32% of refugees would reach a "survival level" of competence.1 A recent skills audit of adult refugees from the Far East, Iraq, Somalia, and other parts of Africa found that just a quarter understood spoken English and a fifth could speak English.2 Unmet language need is one of the key drivers of social exclusion, barriers to employment, education and training, and inequity in access to services. Information on this is therefore urgently needed, to plan interpretation and translation services and the delivery of culturally competent health care.