%PDF-1.3
%
2 0 obj
<>
endobj
32 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
21 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
23 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
26 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
18 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
6 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
7 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
4 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
19 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
35 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
9 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
34 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
1 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
20 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
17 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
16 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
13 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
8 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
14 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
28 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
22 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
12 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
11 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
10 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
15 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
25 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 55/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0P02S04S @$P5 )1
endstream
endobj
29 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 53/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T0 q-Br44C@B 9 s
(P
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
24 0 obj
<>>>/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]/Length 54/FormType 1/Filter/FlateDecode>>stream
xs
w3T04PI2P0T5T R
Ɩf
!\!Y\ !p )P
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
2014-06-11T16:23:08+05:30
Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.0.114/W
2014-06-16T00:17:59-07:00
Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)
application/pdf
untitled
uuid:a988ff3e-02d1-4883-87f9-06756b586777
uuid:e1960443-4043-44a8-b983-b2a93594324f
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 BiUD* :
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid]1D. pa
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 BiUD* 8
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 BiU)D* 9V
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih]D. r^j
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid]D. qdj
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bil])D. qgj
endstream
endobj
56 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
57 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 BiU !D. _e1
endstream
endobj
58 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
59 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid]%D. rs
endstream
endobj
60 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
61 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih] D. pa
endstream
endobj
62 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
63 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih]9D. qaj
endstream
endobj
64 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
65 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bil]D. rs
endstream
endobj
66 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bil]D. pa
endstream
endobj
68 0 obj
<>/XObject<>/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI]/Font<>>>/Thumb 77 0 R/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Rotate 0>>
endobj
78 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Font<>>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 62.022 725.1588 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(differing)-264.7(survival)-263.4(rates)-266.9(for)-262.4(various)-262.2(amino)-261.5(acids,)-264.6(new)-264.5(peptide)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(bonds)-379.7(could)-381.2(also)-379.9(be)-377.7(formed)-383.3(as)-377.5(a)-382.4(result)-376.4(of)-382.3(the)-379(impacts.)-383.4(As)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(well)-432.9(as)-429.4(amino)-428.5(acids,)-431.7(a)-434.2(whole)-428.1(range)-434(of)-428.4(organic)-430.6(molecules)]TJ
T*
[(have)-248.6(been)-242.9(studied.)-248.5(Such)-241.6(impact)-246.6(work)-247.2(can)-247.5(either)-245.3(use)-246.2(organic-)]TJ
T*
[(rich)-483.7(targets)-488.1(to)-480.4(study)-483.5(shock)-484.5(effects)-489.1(or)-480.2(can)-483.7(re)-482.3(projectiles)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(containing)-272.9(the)-263.8(compounds)-271.3(of)-267.1(interest)-270.5(at)-268.4(targets.)-266.9(An)-268(example)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-324.7(the)-321.4(former)-325.7(is)-318.9(Bowden)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
10.402 0 TD
[(et)-326(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.4076 0 TD
[(\(2009\),)-321(who)-321(froze)-324.5(a)-324.8(suite)-323.5(of)]TJ
-12.8096 -1.1116 TD
[(or)20.9(ga)19.7(ni)14.9(c)-284.5(m)0(a)18.4(t)0(e)19.5(r)0(i)20.7(a)0(l)13.8(s)-283.1(\(a)19.7(nt)14.9(hr)20.9(ac)18.5(en)19.7(e,)-276.4(st)20.9(ea)18.5(ri)15(c)-284.5(a)0(c)18.5(i)0(d)20.7(,)-285.7(an)13.9(d)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
18.984 0 TD
(b)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5414 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
.2419 0 TD
(b)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5414 0 TD
[(-c)19.7(ar)19.7(ot)14.9(en)19.7(e\))]TJ
-20.3087 -1.1174 TD
[(in)-353.7(an)-354.7(ice)-351.3(target)-360.5(and)-350(impacted)-359.4(it)-353.8(with)-351.1(stainless)-357.6(steel)-359.2(projec-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(tiles)-548.3(at)-544.9(5)-162.4(k)0(m)-544.8(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 125.9716 630.8786 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7219 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 134.9858 626.5132 Tm
[(.)-544.8(I)0(n)-543.6(their)-548.3(experiments,)-544.4(the)-546(ejecta)-547.2(from)]TJ
-7.4127 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-367.5(impacts)-368.4(were)-364.7(found)-368.3(to)-359.4(contain)-367.4(varying)-366.1(fractions)-369.3(of)-365(the)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(compounds,)-343.9(depending)-340.7(on)-342(angle)-342(of)-342(ejection,)-344.4(with)-345.4(the)-338.7(more)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(refractory)-596.2(compounds)-599.6(favored)-597.5(at)-591(higher)-595.4(angles.)-594(Earlier,)]TJ
T*
(Burchell)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
3.8475 0 TD
[(et)-395.2(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5458 0 TD
[(\(2003\))-386.7(had)-396.1(shown)-392.1(that,)-389.4(when)-392.3(frozen)-394.8(in)-388.2(ice)]TJ
-6.3933 -1.1116 TD
[(targets,)-307.2(even)-312(microbes)-306(could)-306.3(survive)-308.3(in)-307.6(ejecta)-305.3(thrown)-307.1(off)-308.5(at)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(all)-333(angles)-337.2(in)-336.4(impacts)-333.9(at)-337.6(5)-162.4(k)0(m)-337.5(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 186.6897 565.1148 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7219 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 195.7039 560.7495 Tm
(.)Tj
-12.5677 -1.1116 TD
[(An)-371.7(example)-369.7(of)-370.8(the)-373.2(use)-372.9(of)-370.8(organic-rich)-374(materials)-371.9(as)-371.8(pro-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(jectiles)-404.3(is)-405.3(given)-404.2(by)-399.6(Bowden)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
12.0954 0 TD
[(et)-400.9(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5631 0 TD
[(\(2008\).)-401.6(They)-404.2(red)-402.8(mu-)]TJ
-14.6585 -1.1174 TD
[(drock)-594.1(\(organic-rich)-593.9(shale\))-596.3(at)-591(sand)-592.9(and)-592(water)-596.3(targets)-591.8(at)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(speeds)-319.6(of)-318.9(up)-319(to)-319.1(5)-162.4(k)0(m)-320.2(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 153.8645 521.2912 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7142 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 162.8787 516.9258 Tm
[(.)-314.5(Their)-319(results)-325.5(show)-316.1(that)-316.9(projectile)]TJ
-10.2465 -1.1116 TD
[(fragments)-428(captured)-432.9(in)-422.8(the)-425.1(targets)-430.5(contained)-428.4(intact)-429.8(organic)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(molecules)-417.9(that)-420.5(could)-415.7(be)-418.1(used)-414.3(as)-417.9(markers)-419.9(of)-411.1(previous)-418.8(bio-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(logical)-246.6(activity.)-251.2(A)-243.9(more)-242.9(exten)-8(sive)-241.6(program)-246.2(of)-249.8(impact)-246.6(studies)]TJ
T*
[(with)-362.6(similar)-361.6(mudrock)-361.4(samples)-362.3(\(this)-362.6(time)-364.2(used)-356.7(as)-360.3(both)-361.6(pro-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(jectiles)-398.5(and)-396.1(targets\))-402.8(was)-396.8(reported)-397.1(by)-399.6(Parnell)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
18.8227 0 TD
[(et)-395.2(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5515 0 TD
(\(2010\),)Tj
-21.3743 -1.1116 TD
[(who)-390.1(found)-391.4(survival)-395.9(of)-393.8(a)-388.2(whole)-393.6(range)-393.7(of)-393.8(organic)-390.3(molecule)]TJ
T*
[(biomarkers,)-542(although)-534.4(there)-537.8(were)-537.5(changes)-540.9(in)-538(the)-534.5(thermal)]TJ
T*
[(maturity)-334.1(of)-336.2(the)-332.9(samples)-339.3(as)-331.5(a)-336.3(result)-336.1(of)-330.5(the)-338.7(impacts.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(More)-467.2(quixotically,)-474.6(the)-471.1(behavior)-466.3(of)-468.7(microbial)-474.6(life)-466.6(itself)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(under)-237(extreme)-237.2(shocks)-237.8(has)-240.4(been)-237.1(investigated)-241.7(by)-232.6(some)-237(groups.)]TJ
T*
(Horneck)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
3.715 0 TD
[(et)-262.7(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.2866 0 TD
[(\(2001\))-265.7(showed)-261.9(in)-267.3(yer)-264.6(plate)-267.3(experiments)-264.5(that)]TJ
-6.0016 -1.1174 TD
[(spores)-399(in)-394(a)-393.9(target)-400.8(could)-392.7(survive)-400.4(a)-393.9(shock)-398.1(of)-393.8(order)-398.3(32)-393.9(GPa,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(albeit)-354.9(with)-356.9(a)-353.6(low)-355.6(survival)-355.6(rate.)-361.6(At)-354.5(the)-355.9(same)-353.3(time,)-356.1(Burchell)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
T*
[(et)-372.1(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.5055 0 TD
[(\(2001\))-375.2(showed)-371.3(that)-374.4(microbes)-375.1(loaded)-377.7(onto)-367.4(projectiles)]TJ
-2.5055 -1.1174 TD
[(could)-363.9(survive)-365.9(impacts)-368.4(at)-360.6(5)-168.1(k)0(m)-366.3(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 192.9826 356.9385 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7219 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 205.5684 352.5164 Tm
[(\(which)-365.8(generate)-370.7(similar)]TJ
-14.5836 -1.1116 TD
[(shock)-415.4(pressures\),)-413.5(again)-416.9(with)-414.5(a)-411.2(low)-413.2(survival)-418.9(rate.)-413.4(Burchell)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
T*
[(et)-556.4(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.8741 0 TD
[(\(2004\))-553.7(then)-558.6(demonstrated,)-562.8(by)-555.1(varying)-556.1(the)-557.5(impact)]TJ
-2.8741 -1.1116 TD
[(speed,)-253(that)-253.5(in)-250(shocks)-249.3(exceeding)-256.6(a)-249.9(few)-253(gigapascals,)-250.5(microbial)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(survival)-349.8(falls)-346.5(steeply)-349.9(with)-345.4(a)-347.8(power)-347.3(law;)-346.5(this)-350(was)-345(later)-347.9(con-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(rmed)-393.6(in)-388.2(yer)-397(plate)-394(experiments)-391.3(by)-393.9(Sto)]TJ
16.3576 .023 TD
()Tj
.4147 -.023 TD
(fer)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
2.062 0 TD
[(et)-389.4(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.54 0 TD
(\(2007\).)Tj
-21.3743 -1.1116 TD
[(More)-277.1(recently,)-275.1(Price)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.5416 0 TD
[(et)-268.4(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.3039 0 TD
[(\(2013\))-271.5(showed)-279.2(partial)-275.3(survival)-275(of)]TJ
-10.8455 -1.1174 TD
[(yeast)-370.6(spores)-370.2(at)-366.4(speeds)-371.4(up)-365.1(to)-365.2(7.4)-166.9(km)-366.3(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 215.2629 280.1763 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7219 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 224.2771 275.8109 Tm
[(.)-366.3(I)0(n)-365(separate)-370.5(shock)]TJ
-16.4843 -1.1116 TD
[(recovery)-565.2(experiments,)-567.5(Willis)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
12.8096 0 TD
[(et)-562.2(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.8799 0 TD
[(\(2006\))-565.2(showed)-561.4(that,)]TJ
-15.6894 -1.1116 TD
[(starting)-534.3(at)-527.6(a)-532.1(few)-529.4(gigapascals)-10.9(,)-527.6(the)-528.7(increased)-538.6(mortality)-531.2(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(microbes)-283(was)-281.6(due)-280.9(to)-278.8(increasing)-279.5(damage)-282(to,)-282.2(and)-280.9(breaking)-281.9(of,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(cell)-490.8(walls.)-489.1(In)-486(an)-487.2(even)-490.5(more)-484.8(adventurous)-492.4(context,)-491.8(Jerling)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
T*
[(et)-435.5(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.6264 0 TD
[(\(2008\))-432.8(reported)-437.4(on)-434.2(tests)-432.8(for)-435.2(survival)-436.2(of)-434.1(plant)-433.1(seeds)]TJ
-2.6264 -1.1174 TD
[(red)-391.3(into)-390.6(water)-394.7(at)-389.4(a)-393.9(few)-391.2(kilometers)-394.9(per)-390.3(second)-394.6(and)-390.4(a)-388.2(few)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(gigapascal)-344(shock)-346.3(pressures.)-343.3(They)-340.8(found)-345.3(no)-342(survival)-338.3(of)-342(via-)]TJ
T*
[(ble)-413.5(seeds,)-408.3(with)-414.5(the)-407.8(onset)-409.8(of)-411.1(fragmentation)-416.8(of)-405.3(the)-413.5(seeds)-410.6(at)]TJ
T*
[(around)-422.4(1)-168.1(k)0(m)-423.9(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 121.9464 181.5874 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7142 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 135.0992 177.222 Tm
[(and)-424.9(1)-421.6(GPa.)-423.3(Subsequently,)-427.8(LeVoci)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
14.6873 0 TD
[(et)-424(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
-22.1115 -1.1174 TD
[(\(2009\))-242.7(reported)-241.6(that)-242(in)-238.5(similar)-240.7(experiments)-247.3(they)-236.1(were)-243.7(able)-243(to)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(start)-300.4(germination)-298.3(of)-301.7(a)-296(seed)-300.3(after)-301.6(it)-296.2(had)-298.2(been)-300.5(red)-299.1(into)-298.4(water)]TJ
T*
[(at)-320.3(1)-168.1(k)0(m)-314.4(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 99.6661 148.7055 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7219 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 111.7984 144.3401 Tm
[(\(roughly)-319.9(1)-317.9(GPa)-322(peak)-317.8(shock)-323.3(pressure\),)-320.5(although)]TJ
-5.057 -1.1174 TD
[(they)-287.9(also)-282(conrmed)-288.6(the)-286.8(onset)-288.8(of)-284.4(seed)-283(fragmentation)-290.1(in)-284.5(most)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(seeds)-456.7(used)-454.6(in)-451.6(impacts)-454.8(at)-452.7(this)-453.7(speed.)-454.6(Separately,)-456.9(in)-451.6(shock)]TJ
T*
[(experiments,)-515.6(Leighs)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.9103 0 TD
[(et)-516.1(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.7877 0 TD
[(\(2012\))-513.4(showed)-515.3(that,)-516.1(at)-510.4(shock)]TJ
-11.698 -1.1174 TD
[(pressures)-478.1(approaching)-476.5(1)-473.4(GPa,)-475.1(seeds)-479.7(fragment)-479(and)-471(so)-474.3(are)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(unlikely)-338.7(to)-330.6(survive)-337.1(impacts)-333.9(involving)-332.8(such)-339.4(shocks.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(There)-308.5(is)-301.6(thus)-303.8(now)-309.4(an)-302.9(extensive)-307.2(literature)-308.7(on)-307.5(survivability)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(in)-411.3(impacts)-408.7(and)-407.6(extreme)-415.7(shocks.)-408.2(But)-407.6(there)-411.1(is)-411.1(much)-410(still)-409(to)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(determine.)-352.4(In)-353.5(this)-350(current)-349.9(work,)-354.3(laboratory)-347.6(experiments)-356.7(in-)]TJ
25.504 67.9184 TD
[(volving)-428.4(hypervelocity)-432.9(impacts)-431.8(of)-428.4(frozen)-429.3(projectiles)-430.6(into)-425.1(a)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(variety)-413.4(of)-411.1(target)-406.6(types)-409.8(are)-414.5(reported.)-412.1(This)-408.7(is)-405.3(partly)-411.2(as)-412.1(ana-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(logues)-485.8(of)-480.2(cometary)-485.9(impacts)-489.4(on)-480.3(Solar)-478.9(System)-486.8(bodies)-485.8(and)]TJ
T*
[(partly)-313.3(uses)-316.2(ice)-311(as)-314.2(a)-313.3(convenient)-314.3(delivery)-316.6(system)-314(to)-307.6(study)-316.5(the)]TJ
T*
[(effects)-575.5(of)-572.4(shocks)-571.8(of)-572.4(given)-571.3(peak)-571.2(pressures.)-573.7(The)-570.1(organic)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(conte)-8(nt)-463.1(of)-462.9(the)-471.1(frozen)-463.9(projectiles)-470.9(included)-472.2(anthracene)-471.9(and)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(steari)-9(c)-382.4(acid.)-384.7(These)-389(are)-385.7(organic)-384.5(molecules)-389.1(of)-382.3(differing)-391.4(mo-)]TJ
T*
[(lecular)-570.1(weights)-568.5(and)-563.2(thermal)-570.2(decomposition)-565.3(temperatures)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(used)-322.2(previously)-323.2(as)-325.7(a)-319(target)-320.2(in)-324.9(impact)-321.5(experiments)-322.1(\(Bowden)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0 -1.1116 TD
[(et)-326(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.085 0 TD
[(,)-326(2009\);)-323.5(here)-329.2(we)-321(test)-328.2(for)-325.8(their)-323.7(successful)-330.8(transfer)-327.8(from)]TJ
-2.085 -1.1116 TD
[(ice)-247.7(projectiles)-246.3(to)-244.2(the)-246.5(targets)-246.2(in)-244.2(an)-245.3(impact.)-244.2(The)-247.6(speeds)-244.7(used)-241.5(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(this)-298.2(work)-293.2(are)-299.3(around)-290(2)-294.8(and)-298.2(4)-162.4(k)0(m)-297.2(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 450.6518 607.9746 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7142 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 459.666 604.5731 Tm
[(.)-291.4(While)-297.2(somewhat)-295.4(low,)]TJ
-14.8946 -1.1116 TD
[(they)-552.9(correspond)-548.7(to)-543.7(a)-549.4(range)-549.2(of)-543.6(speeds)-550(that)-547.2(covers)-550.1(some)]TJ
T*
[(specic)-350.8(examples)-353.3(of)-347.7(interest,)-348.8(for)-348.8(example,)-350.1(terrestrial)-349.9(mete-)]TJ
T*
[(orites)-670.2(impacting)-670.5(the)-667(Moon)-667.7(\(typically)-670.4(23)-170.3(km)-665.8(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 521.5179 576.1132 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7219 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 530.5321 571.7479 Tm
[(,)-665.8(see)]TJ
-22.0942 -1.1174 TD
[(Armstrong,)-435.8(2010\))-431.7(and)-436.4(impacts)-431.8(on)-434.2(icy)-430.8(bodies)-433.9(in)-428.5(the)-436.6(outer)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(Solar)-404(System,)-403.9(for)-400.7(example,)-407.7(impacts)-403(on)-399.6(Pluto)-403(\(1.9)-168(km)-400.8(s)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 540.7369 554.1731 Tm
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7142 0 TD
(1)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 549.751 549.8077 Tm
(,)Tj
-24.0468 -1.1116 TD
[(see)-322.2(Zahnle)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
4.7172 0 TD
[(et)-320.3(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.0793 0 TD
[(,)-320.2(2003\))-316.5(and)-321.2(other)-323.5(icy)-321.4(bodies)-318.7(\(see)-323.3(Burchell,)]TJ
-6.7965 -1.1174 TD
(2012\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 500.4849 Tm
[(2.)-501.1(Methods)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 484.0439 Tm
[(The)-345.5(impacts)-351.2(in)-347.9(this)-344.3(work)-345.1(were)-353.2(obtained)-345.5(by)-347.8(using)-345.3(a)-347.8(two-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(stage)-249.7(light)-242.1(gas)-246.2(gun)-245.2(\(Burchell)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
11.7556 0 TD
[(et)-239.6(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
1.9986 0 TD
[(,)-245.3(1999\).)-245.1(Although)-246.1(this)-246.4(gun)]TJ
-13.7542 -1.1174 TD
[(has)-292.3(been)-289(used)-287.6(for)-291.2(many)-289(years,)-287.5(it)-290.4(has)-286.5(recently)-289(been)-289(modied)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(to)-451.6(re)-447.8(frozen)-452.4(projectiles.)-457.1(The)-449.2(modied)-453.6(gun)-446.8(res)-448.7(a)-451.5(cylin-)]TJ
T*
[(drical,)-266(solid)-264.8(isoplast)-269.2(sabot)-260(of)-267.1(external)-266(diameter)-267.2(4.57)-168(mm)-263.8(and)]TJ
T*
[(6.5)-166.9(mm)-298.4(length.)-299.4(A)-301.5(central)-299.4(shaft,)-298(width)-300.4(and)-298.2(depth)-300.5(both)-298.3(4)-162.4(mm,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(was)-500.5(drilled)-498.8(in)-491.9(these)-497.3(sabots)-497.1(giving)-496.4(an)-498.7(interior)-499.9(volume)-492.9(of)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(50.3)-168(mm)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 347.3574 411.7038 Tm
(3)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 351.0424 407.3385 Tm
[(.)-429.6(A)-428.2(liquid)-433.2(\(see)-432.7(below\))-435(was)-431.4(then)-431.9(poured)-434(into)-430.9(the)]TJ
-3.859 -1.1116 TD
[(hollow)-301.5(shaft,)-292.2(and)-298.2(a)-296(cap)-299.4(of)-290.1(quick-setting)-299.2(Araldite)-300.4(epoxy)-294.7(was)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(used)-299.1(to)-296.1(seal)-294.6(the)-298.3(top)-297.2(of)-295.9(the)-292.6(shaft.)-298(The)-299.4(lled)-294.7(sabots)-295.5(were)-301.3(then)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(placed)-280.9(in)-273(a)-273(refrigerator)-281.8(at)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
10.6958 0 TD
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
(18)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(C)-272.8(until)-276.6(needed.)-278.5(To)-274.1(re)-275(these)]TJ
-12.8096 -1.1116 TD
[(sabots)-502.8(while)-503.1(still)-501.2(cold)-501(required)-506.5(a)-497.6(cold)-501(launch)-504.4(tube)-501(\(into)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(which)-433.9(the)-430.8(sabot)-427.1(was)-431.4(placed\))-431.8(and)-430.7(cold)-426.2(gun)-429.5(breech)-430.5(\(which)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(conne)-7.8(cts)-350(the)-355.9(launch)-354.6(tube)-351.3(to)-353.7(the)-350.2(rst)-355.5(stage)-353.3(of)-353.5(the)-355.9(gun\).)-347.6(Ac-)]TJ
T*
[(cordingly,)-579.2(before)-579.1(use)-574.5(the)-574.8(launch)-573.5(tube)-575.9(and)-574.7(breech)-580.3(were)]TJ
T*
[(placed)-263.6(in)-261.5(a)-261.4(freezer)-265.7(and)-263.6(cooled)-262.5(to)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
13.5468 0 TD
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.7142 0 TD
(50)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(C.)-259(When)-261.3(the)-263.8(gun)-262.5(was)]TJ
-15.6606 -1.1174 TD
[(to)-468.9(be)-464.1(red,)-463.8(the)-465.4(launch)-469.8(tube)-466.5(and)-465.2(breech)-465.1(were)-468.3(quickly)-464.1(re-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(moved)-324.7(from)-316.6(the)-321.4(freezer)-323.3(and)-315.5(placed)-321.3(onto)-321.3(the)-315.6(rest)-322.2(of)-319(the)-321.4(gun)]TJ
T*
[(in)-526.5(the)-523(room-temperature)-531.7(laboratory.)-523.8(To)-527.5(slow)-523.6(the)-523(rate)-525.2(at)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(which)-295.7(these)-295.7(cold)-293.7(gun)-291.3(parts)-300.3(then)-293.7(warm)-289.9(up,)-293.6(the)-292.6(metal)-297.3(mounts)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(on)-255.6(which)-255.3(they)-253.4(sit)-251(were)-255.2(continually)-256.9(cooled)-251(to)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
18.2352 0 TD
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
(18)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(C)-249.8(b)0(y)-255.6(ow)]TJ
-20.3548 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-399.6(coolant)-402(circulated)-401.9(from)-397.2(a)-393.9(refrigeratio)-11.2(n)-392.8(unit.)-399.8(The)-397.3(frozen)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(sabot)-415.6(was)-408.3(then)-414.6(inserted)-408.6(into)-413.6(the)-407.8(launch)-412.2(tube,)-412.3(and)-407.6(the)-413.5(gun)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(was)-437.1(red.)-429.3(The)-431.9(whole)-433.9(sabot)-432.8(and)-430.7(its)-429.6(contents)-437.4(impacted)-434.2(the)]TJ
T*
[(target)-337.5(in)-336.4(these)-336.1(shots.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(In)-284.4(the)-281.1(shots,)-285.1(projectile)-285.7(speed)-284.1(was)-287.4(measured)-284(by)-284.4(passage)-281.5(in)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(free)-381(ight)-374.2(of)-370.8(the)-379(sabot)-375.2(through)-370.7(two)-378.7(laser)-376.4(light)-374.5(curtains)-374(fo-)]TJ
T*
[(cused)-312.9(onto)-304(photodiodes.)-310.5(The)-305.2(output)-306.4(of)-307.4(the)-304.1(photodiodes)-312.9(was)]TJ
T*
[(captu)-8(red)-350(on)-359.3(a)-353.6(fast)-356.8(oscilloscope,)-354.2(and)-355.8(the)-355.9(time)-358.4(between)-357.8(then)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(combined)-335(with)-333.8(their)-329.4(known)-334.7(separation)-331.3(gave)-335(the)-332.9(speed.)-333.6(The)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(speed)-410.8(of)-411.1(each)-405.3(shot)-413.3(was)-408.3(controlled)-411.1(by)-405.4(selection)-411(of)-405.3(the)-407.8(gas)]TJ
T*
[(used)-374(in)-370.9(the)-373.2(two-stage)-376(gun.)-369.6(During)-376.2(a)-370.9(shot,)-370.6(the)-373.2(range)-370.7(of)-376.5(the)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(gun)-274(was)-270.1(evacuated)-269.3(to)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
9.1003 0 TD
(<)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(1)-266(mbar,)-269.4(unless)-272.5(the)-269.5(target)-268.3(was)-275.8(water,)]TJ
-9.8203 -1.1116 TD
[(in)-255.8(which)-249.6(case)-255.4(the)-246.5(gun)-251(was)-252.8(red)-253(when)-248.3(the)-252.3(pressure)-252.6(had)-252.1(fallen)]TJ
T*
[(to)-336.4(50)-330.5(mbar.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(Two)-454.6(types)-455.9(of)-451.4(liquids)-451.4(were)-456.8(frozen)-452.4(in)-451.6(the)-453.8(sabots)-451(in)-457.3(this)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(work.)-285.2(The)-282.1(rst)-280.6(was)-287.4(commercial)-283.3(black)-284.4(ink)-279.9(\(Quink\).)-282.8(Quink)-283(is)]TJ
T*
[(a)-284.5(well-known)-284.9(commercial)-283.3(ink.)-283.3(It)-278.8(was)-281.6(used)-281.8(as)-279.6(a)-284.5(test)-282.1(material)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(and)-517.1(marker)-517(to)-509.2(show)-517.7(the)-511.5(likely)-515(spread)-515.6(of)-514.8(materials)-515.9(after)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(impact.)-290.3(The)-287.9(second)-291(was)-287.4(a)-284.5(mixture)-286.8(of)-290.2(anthracene)-287.6(and)-286.7(stearic)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 749.6502 Tm
(474)Tj
45.6198 0 TD
[(BURCHELL)-333.1(ET)-338.7(AL.)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
79 0 obj
<>/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI]/XObject<>/Font<>>>/Thumb 84 0 R/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Rotate 0>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>/Font<>>>
endobj
80 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 59.7543 725.1588 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(acid,)-413.5(solvated)-414.4(in)-405.5(dimethylsulfoxide)-414.4(\(DMSO\).)-415.7(These)-412(mate-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(rials)-329.2(were)-330.1(chosen)-325.5(because)-329(they)-328.2(cover)-324.6(a)-330.6(range)-324.6(of)-324.7(properties.)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(Stearic)-322.3(acid)-323.6(has)-315.3(both)-321.3(biological)-319.1(and)-315.5(abiological)-321.4(origins)-318.8(and)]TJ
T*
[(has)-372.9(a)-370.9(long)-367.4(chain)-376.6(structure.)-372.8(It)-370.9(also)-368.4(has)-372.9(a)-370.9(thermal)-368.6(decompo-)]TJ
T*
[(sition)-358.1(temperature)-363.8(in)-359.4(the)-355.9(range)-359.1(of)-359.3(190400)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
17.7514 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3917 0 TD
[(C.)-356.9(Anthracene,)]TJ
-18.1431 -1.1174 TD
[(which)-353.3(has)-344.1(an)-348.9(abiological)-350.2(origin,)-350.1(is)-347.7(relatively)-354.8(stable)-348.8(at)-349.1(high)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(temperatures)-358.9(and)-350(has)-349.9(a)-347.8(thermal)-351.3(decomposition)-352.1(temperature)]TJ
T*
[(of)-480.2(over)-477.8(400)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
5.0685 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(C,)-477.9(although)-476.8(it)-474.8(should)-478.8(be)-475.7(noted)-479.1(that)-472.4(at)-481.5(stan-)]TJ
-5.466 -1.1174 TD
[(dard)-316.6(conditions)-317.6(it)-313.5(has)-315.3(a)-313.3(boiling)-313.4(point)-316.8(of)-313.2(340)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
18.0509 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(C.)-310.8(DMSO)-317.9(is)-313.2(a)]TJ
-18.4483 -1.1116 TD
[(widely)-285.4(used)-281.8(solvent)-285.4(and)-280.9(is)-284.4(highly)-277.6(miscible.)-286.7(It)-278.8(has)-286.5(a)-278.7(freezing)]TJ
T*
[(point)-334.1(of)-336.2(18.5)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
5.3162 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3917 0 TD
(C)Tj
-4.6942 -1.1174 TD
[(Three)-325.8(types)-323.4(of)-324.7(target)-325.9(\(water,)-324.3(ice,)-326(and)-321.2(sand\))-329(were)-324.4(used)-322.2(as)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(indicative)-458.5(of)-451.4(various)-452.3(surfaces)-455.3(found)-449(in)-451.6(the)-448.1(Solar)-455.9(System.)]TJ
T*
[(The)-662.3(water)-659.6(targets)-660.9(used)-662(reverse-osmosis)-659.8(puried)-659.7(water,)]TJ
T*
[(placed)-252.1(in)-244.2(a)-244.2(thin-walled,)-249.6(water-rich,)-249.4(plastic)-246.4(bag.)-244(The)-247.6(front-to-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(back)-369.6(thickness)-363.5(of)-365(the)-367.5(lled)-363.9(bag)-361.6(was)-368(33.4)-168(mm,)-359.4(but)-366.3(in)-365.2(some)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(shots)-558.2(the)-557.5(target)-562.1(was)-558.1(rotated)-557.4(by)-555.1(45)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
15.2575 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.9503 0 TD
[(to)-555.3(the)-557.5(direction)-559.8(of)]TJ
-16.2078 -1.1116 TD
[(ight)-247.5(of)-244.1(the)-240.7(sabot,)-246.2(giving)-243(an)-245.3(effective)-245.1(maximum)-248.8(water)-244.9(depth)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(along)-421.5(the)-419.3(line)-420.5(of)-416.9(ight)-414.5(of)-422.6(47.2)-162.2(mm.)-422.8(The)-414.6(volume)-423.8(of)-416.9(water)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(used)-460.4(in)-457.3(a)-463(shot)-459.4(was)-460.2(approximately)-462.9(195)-164.6(cm)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 234.255 521.2912 Tm
(3)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 237.9968 516.9258 Tm
[(.)-458.4(The)-454.9(bag)-459.5(was)]TJ
-18.1085 -1.1116 TD
[(mounted)-350.1(in)-342.1(a)-347.8(target)-349(holder)-341.9(used)-345.2(in)-347.9(earlier)-351.2(work)-345.1(with)-345.4(water)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(targets)-361.4(\(see)-363.6(Milner)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.0924 0 TD
[(et)-360.6(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.1196 0 TD
[(,)-354.8(2006,)-359.2(and)-361.6(Baldwin)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.772 0 TD
[(et)-360.6(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.1196 0 TD
[(,)-354.8(2007\).)]TJ
-21.1036 -1.1116 TD
[(The)-287.9(bag)-286.7(was)-287.4(xed)-281.9(to)-290.3(a)-284.5(stand)-283.1(that)-288.1(held)-287.9(the)-281.1(bag)-286.7(vertical,)-292.6(with)]TJ
T*
[(a)-296(near-at)-300.2(front)-293.6(face)-301.6(and)-292.4(at)-298.2(rear)-294.7(face,)-299.3(and)-292.4(could)-294.8(be)-297.1(rotated)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(with)-351.1(respect)-356.7(to)-347.9(the)-350.2(impact)-350.3(direction)-352.4(\(Fig.)-347.6(1a\).)-353.5(When)-347.7(in)-347.9(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(gun,)-248.6(the)-246.5(stand)-242.7(was)-247(placed)-252.1(in)-244.2(a)-244.2(tray)-247.6(with)-241.7(a)-249.9(box)-245.2(over)-241.7(the)-246.5(top)-245.3(to)]TJ
T*
[(contain)-315.6(any)-315.5(water)-314.1(that)-316.8(was)-310.4(spilled)-314.3(in)-313.3(the)-315.6(impact.)-313.4(The)-316.7(water)]TJ
T*
[(bag)-453.7(was)-454.4(fully)-449.2(contained)-457.2(by)-451.5(this)-448(setup)-455.9(except)-453.7(for)-452.5(a)-451.5(small)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(opening)-446.7(in)-440.1(the)-442.3(box)-435.3(to)-445.8(permit)-441.2(entry)-438.7(of)-445.7(the)-436.6(projectile.)-450.4(The)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(stand,)-338.3(tray,)-337.4(and)-332.8(box)-337.4(were)-335.9(cleaned)-340.8(with)-333.8(isopropanol)-335.9(alcohol)]TJ
T*
[(between)-340.5(shots.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(Th)19.6(e)-267.2(s)0(a)19.9(n)0(d)-249.9(w)0(a)18.8(s)-265.8(pl)20.7(ac)18.5(ed)-256.8(in)-255.8(a)-261.4(s)0(i)20.9(m)0(i)19.5(l)0(a)19.6(r)-266(pl)20.7(as)19.9(ti)26.3(c)-267.2(b)0(a)19.7(g)-266(wi)19.8(th)-255.8(th)20.7(e)-261.4(s)0(a)19.9(m)0(e)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(de)19.7(pt)20.7(h)-277.6(a)15(s)-277.4(t)0(h)20.7(e)-273(wa)18.8(te)19.6(r.)-263.7(In)-267.1(th)20.7(e)-273(s)0(a)19.9(n)0(d)-261.4(s)0(h)21(o)0(t)20.7(s)0(,)-263.5(t)0(h)20.7(e)-278.7(im)25.2(pa)19.7(ct)19.5(s)-277.4(w)0(e)24.6(r)0(e)-268.3(a)0(t)-262.7(4)0(5)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
23.897 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
-23.897 -1.1116 TD
[(to)-370.9(no)26.6(rm)19.6(al)-366.4(in)20.7(ci)19.5(de)19.7(nc)19.7(e)15(.)-377.8(Th)19.6(e)-376.6(s)0(a)19.9(n)0(d)-365.1(w)0(a)18.8(s)-375.3(a)-382.4(q)0(u)20.8(a)15(rt)20.7(z-)19.7(ri)20.7(ch)-366.2(sa)19.9(nd)-365.1(fr)20.9(om)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(th)20.7(e)-514.9(L)0(o)19.6(w)0(e)18.8(r)-513.7(Gr)20(ee)18.5(ns)21(a)15(n)0(d)20.8(,)-516(Le)18.5(ig)20.7(h)16.2(t)0(o)20.7(n)-513.7(Bu)19.8(zz)18.5(ar)19.7(d,)-499.9(Be)18.6(ds)21(,)-516(U)0(K)19.1(.)-510.3(Th)19.6(e)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(su)21(pp)20.8(li)20.6(er)-441.1(cl)19.5(a)15(i)0(m)19.5(e)0(d)-441.1(i)0(t)-434.4(w)0(a)18.8(s)-450.2(re)19.7(la)19.6(ti)20.6(ve)25.4(ly)-440.1(fr)20.9(ee)-442.3(fr)20.9(om)-435.4(si)20.9(lt)20.6(,)-446.9(c)0(l)19.5(a)0(y)19.7(,)-446.9(an)19.7(d)]TJ
T*
[(or)20.9(ga)19.7(ni)20.7(c)-313.3(m)0(a)18.4(t)0(t)20.6(e)0(r)19.7(.)-314.5(Ho)20(we)24.6(ve)19.7(r,)-304(ea)18.5(rl)20.7(ie)19.6(r)-312.1(w)0(o)20(r)0(k)-307.4(w)0(i)25.6(t)0(h)-307.6(s)0(i)20.9(m)0(i)19.5(l)0(a)25.3(r)-317.8(sa)19.9(nd)-301.7(ha)19.7(d)]TJ
T*
[(sh)21(ow)20(n)-387(t)0(r)20.7(a)0(c)18.5(e)15(s)-386.8(o)0(f)-376.5(o)0(r)20.9(g)0(a)19.7(n)0(i)26.5(c)-388.2(co)19.7(nt)20.7(am)24.2(in)20.7(at)19.5(io)20.7(n.)-373.1(Ac)18.8(co)19.7(rd)20.9(in)20.7(g)16.2(l)0(y)20.7(,)-389.3(in)-370.9(th)20.7(e)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(pr)20.9(es)19.9(en)19.7(t)-502.3(s)0(t)20.9(u)0(d)20.8(y)16.2(,)-504.5(t)0(h)20.7(e)-497.6(sa)19.9(nd)-491.8(wa)18.8(s)-502(s)0(o)26.8(n)0(i)20.7()0(e)19.8(d)-502.2(fo)20.9(r)-502.2(2)16.2(0)-156.6(m)0(i)19.5(n)-502.2(an)19.7(d)-496.4(t)0(h)20.7(e)0(n)]TJ
25.5097 42.3108 TD
[(he)19.7(a)15(t)0(e)19.5(d)-300.6(in)-284.6(an)-291.3(ov)20.8(en)-285.6(to)-290.3(10)20.8(0)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
9.9182 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3859 0 TD
[(C)-301.6(t)0(o)-284.5(d)0(r)20.9(y)-300.6(be)19.7(fo)20.9(re)-285.6(us)21(e.)-287.9(Th)19.6(e)-296(g)0(r)20.9(a)0(i)19.6(n)-300.6(si)20.9(ze)]TJ
-10.3041 -1.1174 TD
[(wa)18.8(s)-225.5(0)0(.)24.3(6)0()20.8(1)0(.)24.3(1)0(8)-146.2(m)0(m)18.4(,)-222.3(an)19.7(d)-225.7(t)0(h)20.7(e)-226.9(gr)20.9(ai)19.5(ns)-215.1(we)18.8(re)-216.4(se)19.9(mi)19.5(-r)20.9(o)16.2(u)0(n)20.8(d)0(e)19.7(d)-225.7(in)-215.4(sh)21(ap)19.7(e.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(The)-270.6(ice)-270.7(targets)-275(were)-278.3(made)-272.9(from)-270.5(crushed)-274.8(grains)-278.4(and)-269.4(akes)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-382.3(ice.)-389.3(These)-383.2(were)-387.7(typically)-387.1(a)-388.2(few)-385.4(millimeters)-385.9(in)-388.2(size)-386.8(and)]TJ
T*
[(made)-422.7(a)-422.7(target)-429.6(20)-163.5(cm)-425(deep)-427.2(with)-420.2(porosity)-429.3(of)-422.6(approximately)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(50%.)-370.7(Impacts)-368.3(on)-370.8(the)-367.5(ice)-374.4(targets)-372.9(were)-370.4(at)-372.1(normal)-372(incidence,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(and)-275.2(the)-281.1(ice)-276.5(was)-281.6(at)-280(approximately)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
13.7657 0 TD
(-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
(50)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
[(C.)-276.3(In)-278.6(the)-275.3(ice)-282.2(shots,)-279.4(it)]TJ
-15.8853 -1.1116 TD
[(was)-368(anticipated)-374.4(that)-368.7(there)-370.8(would)-369.4(be)-372(signicant)-370.5(amounts)-372.9(of)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(ice)-236.1(ejected)-243(from)-236(the)-240.7(target)-239.6(during)-237.1(the)-240.7(impacts.)-239.4(Therefore,)-242.6(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(oor)-482.3(of)-480.2(the)-488.4(target)-481.5(chamber)-484.7(was)-489(lined)-485(with)-483.6(an)-481.4(insulating)]TJ
T*
[(sheet)-243.9(that)-247.7(was)-241.3(used)-247.3(to)-244.2(collect)-247.7(the)-240.7(ejecta,)-251.1(which)-243.8(could)-243(then)-247.6(be)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(sampled)-333.7(for)-337.3(subsequent)-335.6(analysis.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(After)-335.9(each)-336.2(shot,)-336.1(samples)-333.6(of)-336.2(the)-332.9(target)-337.5(material)-342.2(were)-335.9(col-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(lected)-292.6(for)-291.2(analysis.)-296.7(The)-293.6(samples)-293.2(were)-295.6(initially)-294.1(screened)-295.5(in)-296.1(a)]TJ
T*
[(two-stage)-364.5(process)-361(designed)-362.4(to)-359.4(minimize)-359.6(potential)-364.1(contami-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(nation.)-495.3(Because)-497(of)-497.5(the)-494.2(small)-497.5(volumes)-499.6(the)-494.2(ice)-495.3(projectiles)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(carried)-270.4(within)-272.8(each)-267.1(sabot,)-275(the)-269.5(potential)-272(for)-268.2(loss)-269.1(of)-267.1(analyte)-276.4(or)]TJ
T*
[(contamination)-255.7(during)-248.6(sampl)-7.8(e)-249.9(processing)-255(was)-252.8(high)-252.2(compared)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(to)-267.3(previous)-269.1(work)-270.2(on)-267.1(ice)-270.7(targets)-269.3(that)-270.8(were)-266.8(doped)-271.6(with)-270.5(similar)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(compounds)-317.4(\(Bowden)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.916 0 TD
[(et)-320.3(al.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
2.0793 0 TD
[(,)-320.2(2009\).)-314.2(To)-320.2(this)-321.3(end,)-318.9(the)-321.4(number)]TJ
-10.9953 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-290.1(stages)-296.7(of)-295.9(sample)-298.1(processing)-295.3(was)-298.9(kept)-293.7(to)-296.1(a)-290.2(minimum,)-297.3(and)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(a)-330.6(number)-337.3(of)-330.5(analytical)-338.7(controls)-332.6(and)-332.8(blanks)-336(were)-330.1(utilized)-340(to)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(monitor)-527.5(each)-526.3(stage,)-529.6(including)-529.8(volume)-527.5(reduction)-530.8(and)-528.6(the)]TJ
T*
[(extraction)-337.4(of)-330.5(sand)-333.7(targets.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(Prior)-293.4(to)-296.1(analysis,)-302.4(samples)-299(of)-295.9(aqueous)-297.8(targets)-303.8(\(crushed)-298.9(ice)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(and)-292.4(bags)-293.4(of)-290.2(water\))-297.9(had)-292.4(their)-289.1(volume)-297.1(reduced)-293.4(\(samples)-294.3(were)]TJ
T*
[(reduced)-431.6(to)-422.8(near)-432.9(dryness)-428.9(at)-429.7(the)-425.1(edge)-427.2(of)-428.4(a)-428.5(fume)-427.2(hood)-430.6(in)-422.8(a)]TJ
T*
[(clean)-498.7(analytical)-500(facility)-501.2(at)-498.8(ambient)-495.3(temperature)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
20.6428 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.0022 0 TD
(18)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.3974 0 TD
(C\).)Tj
-23.0388 -1.1174 TD
[(Sample)-350(containers)-354.4(were)-347.4(then)-351.3(rinsed)-347.5(with)-351.1(redistilled)-348.9(metha-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(nol)-331.7(and)-332.8(dichloromethane)-339.6(to)-336.4(transfer)-333.5(contents)-339.5(to)-330.6(small)-336.3(glass)]TJ
T*
[(vials.)-453.7(Analytes)-449.8(were)-456.8(recovered)-452.2(from)-454.8(samples)-448.7(of)-451.4(the)-453.8(sand)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(target)-533.3(by)-526.3(sonication)-531.9(in)-532.2(organic)-534.3(solvents.)-531.7(Sonication)-531.9(was)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(performed)-716.1(for)-711.7(5)-168.1(min)-713.1(in)-716.5(methanol,)-713(5)-168.1(min)-713.1(in)-716.5(1:1)-711.9(\(vol-)]TJ
T*
[(ume:volume\))-472.2(methanol:dichloromethane,)-477.8(and)-465.2(5)-168.1(min)-471.2(in)-468.9(di-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(chloromethane.)-237(The)-236(combined)-237.1(solvents)-234.5(were)-238(then)-230.3(reduced)-241.6(to)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(dryness)-428.9(at)-424(ambient)-432(conditions)-427.1(by)-422.7(placing)-430.8(them)-427.4(in)-422.8(a)-428.5(fume)]TJ
T*
[(hood)-332.7(and)-332.8(then)-334(transferred)-338(to)-336.4(small)-336.3(vials.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(The)-483.7(DMSO,)-488.4(anthracene,)-486.9(and)-488.3(stearic)-489.3(acid)-484.9(present)-488(were)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
-.0215 Tc
[(ana)-6.5(l).3(yz)-6.5(ed)-241.5(by)-241.5(ga)-6.5(s)-235.5(c)-6.5(hro)-5.3(m)-.8(at)-5.5(ogr)-5.3(ap)-5.3(hy)-5.3(mas)-5.1(s)-235.5(s)-5.1(p).4(ec)-6.5(tr)-5.3(omet)-5.5(ry)-5.3(.)-238(A)-.4(n)-5.3(a)-.7(ly)-5.3(ses)]TJ
ET
q
489.77 0 0 182.438 59.981 93.26 cm
/Im1 Do
Q
BT
/F7 1 Tf
9.845 0 0 9.845 59.7543 76.4787 Tm
0 Tc
[(FIG.)-354(1.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
4.1346 0 TD
[(Target)-349.4(holder)-352.8(with)-350.6(water)-353.8(target.)-351.8(\()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
13.8147 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.501 0 TD
[(\))-352.3(Pre-shot.)-352(\()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
4.9524 0 TD
(b)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.5528 0 TD
[(\))-346.5(Post-shot.)-351.9(Note)-351.6(that)-351(in)-347.7(these)-352.8(images)-349.2(the)-355.6(surrounding)-350.6(box)-348.5(has)]TJ
-23.9555 -1.0077 TD
[(been)-323(removed.)-313.2(Impact)-320.6(direction)-322.7(was)-315.8(from)-316.1(the)-321(right.)-313.9(A)-318.5(3)-168(cm)-315.3(scale)-319.4(bar)-315.1(is)-318.7(shown)-316.6(in)-318.9(the)-315.3(bottom)-318.4(right)-316.3(of)-318.7(both)-315.1(images.)-318(\(Color)]TJ
0 -1.0135 TD
[(images)-337.7(available)-336.6(online)-335.7(at)-337.3(www.liebertonline.com/ast\))]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 59.7543 749.7069 Tm
[(ORGANIC)-337(SURVIVAL)-340.1(IN)-335.1(HYPERVELOCITY)-336.2(IMPACT)-28631.8(475)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
81 0 obj
<>stream
Adobe d
|
s !1AQa"q2B#R3b$r%C4Scs5D'6Tdt&
EFVU(eufv7GWgw8HXhx)9IYiy*:JZjz m !1AQa"q2#BRbr3$4CS%cs5DT
&6E'dtU7()euFVfvGWgw8HXhx9IYiy*:JZjz ? Zǘ5ȵ裿#KU9@r Z/_17g- wKYzП[.<ů3[." p W (eB3 pಶo_tn?I.>e )^&$ A$\n3mf y7kn | W+3%o1
-i7,?aZu7O: NF(oȇ{bg^
։+bxvw]1@${;4D C2?Zl|Ǩ٩%ս>ҟɖMo.']2WCVWLN /~HFi ?5?2O4+ SLsB=4?1{ 'tȚx!?4 0
u.`l3 cFqٚPoWvoF ~;2/-HЙ1i 9
BCߏ'_PV% +W$ K C \|y/>Az?˱gaA*Ǚ?3K&o2j%9Eˊ&%By؞#%V@+K@'(nN>]ˎBڤGZw#ʎ|K4z@Vߖ b)\PySVU<sQay3ҙIp{S[c8s`~~B7%ͨ>Ӡ7̿t 2K,3 .c2J\ Ã|f Թ +n3 WKq-pO>e 8[./SJR(\2Fl/ y?0Ef>j/].a?c_~f
OKÉ%mrGaTaCͼv. NUm$-:ȶ,H y #)K?ѣ?qo {%u ?w #[ҸheXq |0kWz]9phz1Z5D1|Bwl U>_i#w_{ \M/PIQ\ L2(-L>+OO>yدw/kd"\OAA|^l+gP 8μO62L$n6_y?EA)&D`E$~OR=WšeiDTS?8כQb@F7j2*ԭHc⌷Lr C'䞧|&gsqq% (-M( @~tY_ǯħZC2ḳ&jf>k;9% $_=<ͫh62,/,
\-IPJpuk3tFŰg͗u-J@3AAn8t`Qji:L,a)]ֻ:?;yڡ\bqZf;Am*Ň|Gv+ [ e^t47,9/.l@MM#LmϞr^xX+E}MD&|mnF5\*c_Ͼuۯqtފ?gl,h|ұydrY} ry*_\"P: ( \zɔ8ծc6ui$\TP05&b