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Anomalies in real and counterfactual worlds: An eye-movement investigation

Ferguson, Heather J., Sanford, Anthony J. (2008) Anomalies in real and counterfactual worlds: An eye-movement investigation. Journal of Memory and Language, 58 (3). pp. 609-626. ISSN 0749-596X. (doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.007) (KAR id:23060)

Abstract

Counterfactual reasoning is valid reasoning arising from premises that are true in a hypothetical model, but false in actuality. Investigations of counterfactuals have concentrated on reasoning and production, but psycholinguistic research has been more limited. We report three eye-movement studies investigating the comprehension of counterfactual

information. Prior context depicted a counterfactual world (CW), or real world (RW), while a second sentence was manipulated to create RW anomalous continuations, where events included a violation of RW knowledge, and RW

congruent continuations, where the events described were congruent with RW knowledge. Results showed that RW violations can be ‘neutralised’ within an appropriate pre-specified CW context, and RW congruent items can lead to

the experience of an anomaly following an inconsistent CW context. Importantly, there was also evidence in all three studies for early processing difficulty with RW violations regardless of prior context, indicating that a proposition is rapidly evaluated against real-world knowledge, just prior to the accommodation of a proposition into a counterfactual world representation. We discuss the results in terms of a variety of accounts of the nature of counterfactual worlds.

Item Type: Article
DOI/Identification number: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.007
Uncontrolled keywords: Counterfactual reasoning; Eye-movements; Discourse processing; Anomalies
Subjects: B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Divisions: Divisions > Division of Human and Social Sciences > School of Psychology
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (https://ror.org/03n0ht308)
Depositing User: Heather Ferguson
Date Deposited: 01 Mar 2010 12:32 UTC
Last Modified: 12 Jul 2022 10:40 UTC
Resource URI: https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/23060 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)

University of Kent Author Information

Ferguson, Heather J..

Creator's ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-4820
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